Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Nasal congestion feels like your nasal passages are blocked or stuffed up. You might experience a sensation of fullness, and sometimes it leads to a heavy feeling in the head or even a headache.

This bothersome symptom can have various causes, and each may require a different approach for relief and management. We’ve put together this article to help you understand why you might be experiencing congestion, its treatment, prevention, and when to see a doctor.

What is Nasal Congestion?

Nasal congestion, also known as “stuffy nose,” is a condition where the nasal passages become swollen due to inflammation of the blood vessels in the lining of the nose. This swelling blocks airflow, making it difficult to breathe properly through the nose.

Nasal congestion can last for a few days or weeks, or be a chronic, daily issue, depending on the cause. If left untreated, nasal congestion can lead to various complications, such as sinus and ear infections, and nasal polyps [*].

What are the Symptoms of Nasal Congestion?

Nasal congestion can be quite uncomfortable, and it often comes with a variety of symptoms. Here are some common signs:

• Difficulty breathing properly through the nose
• Pressure or discomfort around the forehead, cheeks, or eyes
• Postnasal drip
• Reduced sense of smell or taste
• Frequent sneezing

Identifying specific symptoms helps healthcare professionals determine the underlying cause of congestion, whether it’s due to allergies, infections, or other conditions.

What Causes Nasal Congestion?

Nasal congestion is often linked to inflammation of the nasal tissues [*]. However, it can also worsen from structural issues such as a deviated septum or from hormonal changes, like those that occur during pregnancy.

Here is an explanation of each factor :

• Infections. Viral infections like the common cold or influenza, and bacterial infections like sinusitis, which can lead to inflammation and congestion in the nasal passages.
• Allergies. Nasal congestion can also be a symptom of allergic rhinitis (or hay fever), which is triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mold [*].
• Sinusitis. Inflammation or infection of the sinuses (sinusitis) can block nasal passages and lead to congestion, and is often accompanied by facial pain or pressure.
• Environmental irritants. Exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, pollution, strong odors, or chemicals can cause nasal passages to swell and become congested.
• Deviated septum. A deviated septum, where the nasal septum (the cartilage dividing the nasal passages) is displaced to one side, can cause blockage and difficulty breathing.
• Hormonal changes. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or due to certain medications can lead to swelling of nasal tissues, resulting in congestion (sometimes referred to as pregnancy rhinitis or medication-induced rhinitis) [*].
• Chronic rhinitis. Chronic inflammation of the nasal lining, which can be non-allergic (vasomotor rhinitis) or related to other underlying conditions, can cause persistent congestion.

How is Nasal Congestion Diagnosed?

Nasal congestion is diagnosed through a combination of evaluating medical history, conducting a physical examination of the nasal passages, and assessing symptoms.

The doctor may perform allergy tests if allergies are suspected, and use imaging studies or nasal endoscopy for a detailed view if chronic conditions or structural issues are suspected.

How is Nasal Congestion Treated?

Nasal congestion is commonly treated through a combination of medications and home remedies tailored to the underlying cause. Here’s a detailed look at various treatment options:

Antihistamines

If your congestion is due to allergies, antihistamines can provide relief by blocking the effects of histamines, the chemicals that trigger allergic reactions. However, we believe that they are not as effective as nasal sprays because they don’t treat the root cause directly and can lead to untoward side-effects.

There are two main types of antihistamines:

• First-Generation Antihistamines. These antihistamines (diphenhydramine, for instance) are effective at reducing allergy symptoms, including some congestion. However, they often cause drowsiness and may impair cognitive function, as they cross the blood-brain barrier.
• Second-Generation Antihistamines. Examples are cetirizine (Zyrtec) and loratadine (Claritin). They are less likely to cause drowsiness and are a better choice for daytime use.

Decongestants

These medications reduce the swelling of nasal tissues.. They can be taken orally or as nasal sprays. Be cautious as using over-the-counter decongestants for more than a few days can lead to rebound congestion.

Allermi’s prescription nasal spray uses a micro-dosage of oxymetazoline, a nasal decongestant, combined with anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, to treat congestion without leading to rebound congestion.

Related: What's the Best Nasal Spray for Congestion?

Saline Nasal Spray

Saline nasal sprays help by moisturizing the nasal passages with a saltwater solution, which alleviates dryness and irritation while thinning mucus. This not only helps clear out mucus but also flushes out allergens and irritants from the nasal passages to improve overall nasal airflow.

Allermi offers a saline spray, along with a prescription spray that combines up to 4 active ingredients tailored to your allergy severity and history. Our saline spray is designed to gently cleanse the nasal passages so that you can tolerate your medicated nasal spray better.

Related: How to Use Nasal Sprays Correctly

Steroid Nasal Spray

Corticosteroid nasal sprays work by addressing the underlying inflammation in the nasal tissues. These sprays contain synthetic corticosteroids that reduce swelling and irritation, which can be particularly beneficial for conditions like allergic rhinitis or chronic sinusitis.

Steam Inhalation

The steam helps to loosen and thin mucus in the nasal passages and sinuses, making it easier to expel and thereby alleviating the feeling of congestion. Additionally, the moisture from the steam helps to soothe and hydrate irritated nasal tissues, which can reduce inflammation and improve airflow.

Warm Compress

Applying a warm compress to the face can help relieve sinus pressure and congestion. The warmth from the compress dilates blood vessels in the nasal passages and sinuses, which can reduce inflammation and improve circulation in the area.

This increased blood flow helps to alleviate pain and pressure associated with congestion while facilitating the drainage of mucus.

Related: How to Unstuff Your Nose Instantly

How to Prevent Nasal Congestion

Preventing nasal congestion involves a combination of lifestyle adjustments, environmental management, and health practices to minimize the risk of triggers and underlying conditions.

Here are some effective strategies:

• Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Proper hydration helps keep the mucus thin and can reduce congestion.
• Stay active. Regular physical activity can help keep mucus moving and reduce the likelihood of congestion.
• Practice good hygiene. Regularly washing your hands helps prevent the spread of germs, including viruses and bacteria that can cause respiratory infections like the common cold or sinusitis. These infections often result in nasal congestion.
• Maintain a clean environment. Regularly cleaning your home, especially bedding and upholstery, is an important step in minimizing dust, pet dander, and other potential irritants that can contribute to nasal congestion, especially if you suffer from allergies.
• Stay away from irritants. Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke and other environmental pollutants that can exacerbate nasal congestion.
• Adjust your sleeping position. Elevating your head while you sleep can help reduce nasal congestion by allowing mucus to drain more effectively.

Related: Why Does My Nose Get Stuffy at Night?

When to See a Doctor for Nasal Congestion

See a doctor for nasal congestion if your symptoms persist for more than a week despite trying home remedies, or if you have other concerning symptoms like a persistent cough or fever.

Additionally, if you have underlying conditions such as asthma or chronic sinusitis that worsen with congestion, seeking medical advice is important. Persistent or worsening symptoms could signal a more serious issue that requires further evaluation.

The Bottom Line

Nasal congestion can have various underlying causes, from infections and allergies to structural issues and hormonal changes. A combination of medications and home remedies can provide relief.

While congestion typically resolves on its own within a few days, persistent or severe cases may require medical evaluation to avoid complications.

References:

1. Nasal Congestion. (2024, May 1). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17980-nasal-congestion
2. Naclerio, R. (2010). Pathophysiology of nasal congestion. International Journal of General Medicine, 47. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s8088
3. Runny Nose, Stuffy Nose, Sneezing | ACAAI Public Website. (2022, April 15). ACAAI Patient. https://acaai.org/allergies/symptoms/runny-nose-stuffy-nose-sneezing/
4. Pregnancy Rhinitis. (2024, June 4). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pregnancy-rhinitis